AIM :- To perform the shear test on UTM.
APPARATUS USED :- A UTM, Specimen, shearing attachment, vernier caliper etc.
THEORY :- A type of force which causes or tends to cause two contiguous parts of the body to slide relative to each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact is called the shear force. The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross-section, acted on by the shear force is called shear strength.
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AIM:- To Perform compression test on UTM.
APPARATUS :- A UTM or A compression testing m/c, cylindrical or cube shaped specimen of cast iron, Alumunium or mild steel, vernier caliper, liner scale, dial gauge (or compressometer).
THEORY :- Several m/c and structure components such as columns and struts are subjected to compressive load in applications. These components are made of high compressive strength materials. Not all the materials are strong in compression. Several materials, which are good in tension, are poor in compression. Contrary to this, many materials poor in tension but very strong in compression. Cast iron is one such example. That is why determine of ultimate compressive strength is essential before using a material. This strength is determined by conduct of a compression test.
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AIM:- To study the Impact Testing m/c and Perform charpy impact test.
APPARATUS :- Impact testing m/c, charpy test specimens of mild steel, Aluminium, Vernier caliper, specimen setting fixture.
THEORY :- In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc. the components are subjected to impact (shock) loads. These loads are applied suddenly. The stress induced in these components are many times more than the stress produced by gradual loading. Therefore, impact tests are performed to asses shock absorbing capacity of materials subjected to suddenly applied loads. These capabilities are expressed as (i) Rupture energy (ii) Modulus of rupture and (iii) Notch impact strength.
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AIM:- To study the Impact Testing m/c and Perform Izod impact test.
APPARATUS :- Impact testing m/c, Izod test specimens of mild steel, Aluminium, Vernier caliper, specimen setting fixture.
THEORY :- In manufacturing locomotive wheels, coins, connecting rods etc. the components are subjected to impact (shock) loads. These loads are applied suddenly. The stress induced in these components are many times more than the stress produced by gradual loading. Therefore, impact tests are performed to asses shock absorbing capacity of materials subjected to suddenly applied loads. These capabilities are expressed as (i) Rupture energy (ii) Modulus of rupture and (iii) Notch impact strength.
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AIM : To study the Rockwell Hardness testing machine and perform the Rockwell hardness test.
APPARUTS :- Rockwell Hardness testing machine, specimen of mild steel or other material.
THEORY: - Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting, hardness after gives clear indication of strength. In all hardness tests, a define force is mechanically applied on the piece, varies in size and shape for different tests. Common indentors are made of hardened steel or diamond.
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Aim: – To study the analysis of simple vapour compression cycle and explain
the various types of Vapour compression cycle with T-S and P-H diagram
Apparatus Used: – schematic diagram of Simple vapour compression cycle.
Theory:
A vapour compression refrigeration system is an improved type of air refrigeration system in which a suitable working substance, termed as refrigerant, is used. It condenses and evaporates at temperatures and pressures close to the atmospheric conditions. The refrigerants, usually, used for this purpose are ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The refrigerant used, does not leave the system, but is circulated throughout the system alternately condensing and evaporating. In evaporating, the refrigerant absorbs its latent heat from the brine (salt water) which is used for circulating it around the cold chamber. While condensing, it gives out its latent heat to the circulating water of the cooler. The vapour compression refrigeration system is, therefore a latent heat pump, as it pumps its latent heat from the brine and delivers it to the cooler. The vapour compression refrigeration system is now-a-days used for all purpose refrigeration. It is generally used for all industrial purpose from a small domestic refrigerator to a big air conditioning plant.
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AIM :- To perform the experiment for static balancing on static balancing machine.
APPARATUS USED:- Static Balancing m/c.
THEORY :- A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the system lies on the axis of rotation. Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft. The process of providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass, is called balancing of rotating masses.
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AIM :- To determine gyroscopic couple on Motorized Gyroscope.
APPARATUS USED:- Four wheeler & two wheeler vehicle.
THEORY :- When a body moves along a curved path with a uniform linear velocity, a force in the direction of centripetal acceleration (known as centripetal force) has to be applied externally over the body, so that it moves along the required curved path. This external force applied is known as active force. When a body, itself, is moving with uniform linear velocity along a circular path, it is subjected to the centrifugal force radially outwards. This centrifugal force is called reactive force.
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AIM :- To study gyroscopic effects through models.
APPARATUS USED:- Models of Aero plane and ship.
THEORY :- The earliest observation and studies on gyroscopic phenomenon carried out during Newton’s time. These were made in the context of the motion of our planet which in effect in a massive gyroscopic. The credit of the mathematical foundation of the principles of gyroscopic motion goes to Euler who derived at set of dynamic equation relating applied mechanics and moment inertia, angular acceleration and angular velocity in many machines, the rotary components are forced to turn about their axis other than their own axis of rotation and gyroscopic effects are thus setup. The gyroscopes are used in ships to minimize the rolling & pitching effects of water.
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AIM :-To perform experiment on Watt and Porter Governors to prepare performance characteristic Curves, and to find stability & sensitivity.
APPARATUS USED:- Watt and Porter Governors.
INTRODUCTION & THEORY :- The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid. When the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.
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