Engineering Tutorials

M-803-A INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT

Introduction to Instrumentation

Major elements of a measurement system. Order, type of signals, response of instruments. Importance of sensors in measuring system. Errors and response characteristics of sensors. Measurement error.

Measurement Techniques

Signal conditioning: Amplification and noise filtering, impedance matching, Wheatstone Bridge technique. Digital signal processing: Sampling rate, aliasing, discretization, A/D and D/A converters, frequency content of a signal, concept of FFT. Common measuring instrument: Multimeters, oscilloscope, spectrum analyzer, display and recorder, plotter. Statistical analysis of data: Concept of normal distribution, mean and variance (standard deviation).

Displacement and Motion Measurement:

Potentiometer, linear variable differential transformer, strain gauge, proximity probe. Angular velocity measurement: Mechanical and electric tachometer. Seismic instrument: Accelerometer.

Force, Torque & Power Measurement:

Force measurement: elastic force transducer, piezoelectric force transducer, hydraulic and pneumatic method. Torque measurement: Using shaft deflection, using induced strain, torque reaction method. Power measurement: Absorption dynamometer, mechanical & hydraulic method, transmission dynamometer, torque meter.

Temperature Measurement: Thermal expansion method: Liquid-in-glass thermometer, pressure thermometer, bimetal type thermometer. Resistance Thermometer: RTD, thermistor. Thermocouple, quartz thermometer, radiation thermometer.

Pressure Measurement: Measuring static pressure: Piezometer, manometer. Measuring dynamic & static pressure: Pressure transducer, bellow-type, diaphragm-type, piezoelectric. Bourdon tube pressure gauge.

Flow Measurement

Obstruction meter: Venturi meter, nozzle, orifice meter, pitot tube. Positive displacement flowmeter: Rotary-vane meter, rotameter. Special methods: Turbine flow meter, ultrasonic flowmeter, magnetic flowmeter, hot wire anemometer, open channel flowmeter, laser Doppler flowmeter.

Examples of Instrumentation

Boiler power plant instrumentation, air conditioning plant control, industrial robotics system, etc.

Text Books:

1. Instrumentation and Measurement, by Nakara & Choudhry.
2. Instrumentation for Engineering Measurements, by JW Dally; John Wiley & Sons.

Reference Books:

1. Experimental Methods for Engineers, by JP Holman; McGraw Hill.
2. Mechanical Measurements, by Thomas Beckwith and Lewis Buck; Narosa Publishing House.

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